Canadian Wabanaki type, possibly Maliseet, third quarter of the nineteenth century. This piece is similar to two six-panel hats in the Canadian Museum of Civilization that are identified as Maliseet, (III-E-313 and III-E-319). The heart shaped leaf motif is also similar to examples seen on bags attributed to the Maliseet. Some of these hats may have been worn as “smoking caps.” Style-conscious men wore formal indoor caps from the sixteenth through the late nineteenth century. They were generally worn to prevent the hair from smelling of tobacco smoke.